How Pavement Marking Quality Impacts ADAS and Machine Vision

As Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) become more prevalent, the role of pavement markings is undergoing a fundamental shift. No longer serving only human drivers, these road markings now provide critical visual cues for vehicle cameras and machine vision systems that enable lane keeping, departure warnings, and other life-saving ADAS functions.

Several authors and groups have analysed the effects of pavement marking properties and the interaction with human drivers and ADAS. A recent 2024 study from the Connecticut Department of Transportation (CTDOT) added to this body of work, particularly focusing on the detection capabilities of ADAS. Conducted by the Connecticut Transportation Institute and the Connecticut Transportation Safety Research Center at the University of Connecticut, the study titled "Automated Vehicle and Pavement Marking Evaluation in Connecticut”(Report No. CT-2326-F-23-5) examined how real-world pavement marking characteristics affect the detectability of longitudinal lane markings by ADAS-equipped vehicles. The research provides essential findings that DOTs across the nation can use to inform maintenance standards and material choices.

This article distills key insights from the study highlighting the performance benefits of pavement marking retroreflectivity and consistent lane markings, and the case for using wet-retroreflective materials.

Researchers explored how retroreflectivity and colour of pavement markings influence their detection by vehicle-mounted cameras across multiple makes and models of consumer vehicles equipped with ADAS.

Data was collected before and after restriping on selected Connecticut roadways using:

• A vehicle-mounted retroreflectometer
• Eight consumer vehicles with varying ADAS configurations
• Real-world driving conditions (daytime and nighttime)

1. Detection Improved Substantially After Marking Enhancements
A primary takeaway from the before-and-after comparison is clear: vehicles detected pavement markings more reliably after restriping with higher-quality materials. On multiple routes, the detection success rate of both centerlines and edgelines increased significantly after markings were refreshed or upgraded.

• Centerline and edgeline retroreflectivity, and roadway visibility all improved after final paint applications.
• Vehicles’ ADAS systems, across multiple makes, registered more frequent and consistent detection events.
• These findings suggest that marking upgrades yield measurable benefits in system performance.

2. Detection Results Were Consistent Across Multiple Runs
Researchers conducted multiple runs on the same route with the same vehicle to test repeatability.
The detection outcomes were consistent, validating that high-performing markings lead to reliable ADAS system response over time, not just during isolated conditions. This reinforces the value of investing in premium marking materials for corridors prioritised for safety or CAV readiness.

3. Improvements Were Observed Across Multiple Vehicle Models
Vehicles from different manufacturers, each with distinct ADAS hardware and software, all demonstrated better lane marking detection after improvements.

• This cross-platform improvement highlights an important point: When markings are clear, retroreflective, and consistent, all vision-based systems benefit, regardless of proprietary technology.
• Infrastructure-level improvements such as striping can therefore provide wide-reaching safety and performance enhancements independent of vehicle make.

Commentary on Pavement Marking Quality Impact
The study highlights how pavement marking quality enhances both ADAS and machine vision capabilities.

• Wider pavement markings can be seen from further distances.
• Increased visibility improves response times for both human drivers and machine vision systems.

Future studies should measure visibility over longer distances to better capture the full impact of marking quality.

Enhance Pavement Marking Visibility:
Invest in wider pavement markings to improve road visibility over greater distances, supporting both human and machine vision systems.
Increase contrast in pavement markings, as recommended by the MUTCD, to enhance detection robustness for ADAS and human drivers.

Improve Study Methodologies:
Future studies should measure visibility from greater distances, beyond the short range from the front bumper, to better assess the impact of pavement marking quality on response time for both human and machine vision.
Consider the impact of pavement marking visibility on concrete, where contrast and width are critical for effective detection.

This study affirms the long-standing advocacy by traffic engineers for well-maintained, high-visibility pavement markings as a cornerstone of roadway safety. With the integration of vehicle-based vision systems, the importance of quality markings is even greater. Pavement markings are essential not only for human drivers but also for automated driving systems navigating modern roads.

For DOTs modernising infrastructure in line with vehicle automation trends, the message is clear:
 

• Invest in quality markings.
• Focus on high retroreflectivity and wet-retroreflective capabilities.

Standardise Dimensions and Contrast
 

• Support both human and machine vision with standardised marking practices.

Update Maintenance Practices:
 

• Reflect the dual role of markings in traditional and automated driving environments.

Reference
Shaon, M.R.R., Orlova, E., & Jackson, E. (2024). Automated Vehicle and Pavement Marking Evaluation in Connecticut (Report No. CT-2326-F-23-5). Connecticut Transportation Institute, University of Connecticut. Prepared for the Connecticut Department of Transportation.

Citations

1. FHWA (2012). Demonstration Projects to Evaluate Enhanced Night Visibility of Pavement Markings, FHWA-HRT-12-048.
2. NCHRP Report 828 (2016). Guidelines for Nighttime Visibility of Pavement Markings. Transportation Research Board.
3. ITE (2018). Enhancing Pavement Marking Performance for AV Safety.

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